Metaphysics and physiology in animal magnetism according to Schopenhauer
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-50652025000100206Palabras clave:
Magnetismo animal, Voluntad, Metafísica, Fisiología, Arthur SchopenhauerResumen
For the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer, animal magnetism is a natural evidence of his metaphysics of the will. In turn, his metaphysics of the will reveals the true nature of animal magnetism. Therefore, animal magnetism can be approached from both natural and metaphysical points of view. From a metaphysical point of view, animal magnetism is an objectification of the will, while as a natural phenomenon it implies the laws of the physiology of the nervous system. According to Schopenhauer, the will acts directly on phenomena, given how it is not separated from the laws of the phenomenal reality it has created. The objective of the present work is to expose that, in order to produce the phenomenon of animal magnetism, the activity of the nervous system is as necessary as the action of the will.
Keywords: Animal magnetism; will; metaphysics; physiology; Arthur Schopenhauer.
Citas
Asahina, M. (2022). Research History and Current Concept of the Autonomic Nervous System. Journal of the Kanazawa Medical University, 47, 13-19. https://kanazawa-med.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/16/files/47%281%2913-19.pdf
Bahşi, İ., Adanir, S. S., & Karatepe, Ş. (2022). Johann Christian Reil (1759-1813) who first described the insula. Child’s Nervous System, 38(7), 1237-1239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-020-04686-4
Bell, M. (2005). The German Tradition of Psychology in Literature and Thought, 1700-1840. Cambridge Studies in German. Cambridge University Press.
Binder, D. K., Schaller, K. and Clusmann, H. (2007). The seminal contributions of Johann-Christian Reil to anatomy, physiology, and psychiatry. Neurosurgery, 61(5), 1091-1096. https://doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000303205.15489.23
Brückner, B. (2016). Animal Magnetism, Psychiatry and Subjective Experience in Nineteenth-Century Germany: Friedrich Krauß and his Nothschrei. Medical History, 60(1), 19-36. https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2015.66
Burkhard, P. (2005). Gassner’s Exorcism not Mesmer’s Magnetism is the Real Predecessor of Modern Hypnosis, International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 53(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207140490914207
Crabtree, A. (1993). From Mesmer to Freud: Magnetic Sleep and the Roots of Psychological Healing. Yale University Press.
Crabtree, A. (2016). Mesmer and Animal Magnetism. In G. A. Magee (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Western Mysticism and Esotericism (pp. 223-234). Cambridge University Press.
Crabtree, A. (2019). 1784: The Marquis de Puységur and the psychological turn in the west. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 55(3), 199-215. https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbs.21974
Ellenberger, H. F. (1976). El descubrimiento del inconsciente [The discovery of the unconscious]. Gredos.
Franklin, B., Majault, M. J., Le Roy, Sallin, Bailly, J. S., D’Arcet, J., De Bory, Guillotin, J. I., & Lavoisier, A. L. (2002). Report of the commissioners charged by the king with the examination of animal magnetism. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 50(4), 332-363. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207140208410109
Frauenstädt, J. (1864). Arthur Schopenhauers handschriftlicher Nachlass [Arthur Schopenhauer's handwritten legacy]. Brokhaus. https://archive.org/details/ausarthurschope00fraugoog
Gantet, C. (2021). The dissemination of mesmerism in Germany (1784-1815): Some patterns of the circulation of knowledge. Centaurus, 63(4), 762-778. https://doi.org/10.1111/1600-0498.12396
Geagea, D., Ogez, D., Kimble, R., & Tyack, Z. (2023). Demystifying hypnosis: Unravelling facts, exploring the historical roots of myths, and discerning what is hypnosis. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 52, 101776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2023.101776
Geagea, D., Ogez, D., Kimble, R., & Tyack, Z. (2024). Redefining hypnosis: A narrative review of theories to move towards an integrative model. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 54, 101826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2023.101826
González, Á. (2006). Animal magnetism in Spanish medicine (1786-1860). History of Psychiatry, 17(3), 279-298. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957154X06061604
Graus, A. (2017). Hypnosis lessons by stage magnetizers: Medical and lay hypnotists in Spain. Notes and Records, 71(2), 141-156. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0009
Gwinner, W. (2017). Arthur Schopenhauer presentado desde el trato personal [Arthur Schopenhauer presented from a personal perspective]. Hermida.
Kieser, D. G. (1822). System des Tellurismus oder Thierischen Magnetismus. Ein Handbuch für Naturforscher und Aerzte [System of Tellurism or Animal Magnetism. A Handbook for Natural Scientists and Physicians]. Herbig. https://archive.org/details/systemdestelluri01kies
Kihlstrom, J. F. (2002). Mesmer, the Franklin commission, and hypnosis: A counterfactual essay. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 50(4), 407-419. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207140208410114
Lanska, D. J., & Lanska, J. T. (2007). Franz Anton Mesmer and the Rise and Fall of Animal Magnetism: Dramatic Cures, Controversy, and Ultimately a Triumph for the Scientific Method. In H. Whitaker, C. U. M. Smith, & S. Finger (Eds.), Brain, Mind and Medicine: Essays in Eighteenth-Century Neuroscience (pp. 301-320). Springer.
Lead, J. (1701). The Revelation of Revelations: An Essay. J. Bradford. https://archive.org/details/b33005369
Mazzagatti, R., Belingheri, M., Paladino, M. E., Dell’Orto, N., & Riva, M. A. (2022). Animal magnetism in Italy during the nineteenth century: The conflicting relationship with the Catholic Church. History of Psychiatry, 33(4), 459-466. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957154X221117208
Mesmer, F. A. (1766). Dissertatio physico-medica de planetarum influxu [Physico-medical dissertation on the influence of the planets]. Typis Ghelenianis. https://digital.slub-dresden.de/werkansicht/dlf/52749/1
Mesmer, F. A. (1779). Mémoire sur la découverte du magnétisme animal [Memoir on the discovery of animal magnetism]. P. Fr. Didot. https://archive.org/details/mmoiresurlad00mesm
Montiel, L. (2006a). Magnetismo romántico: El paciente. La mujer. La república [Romantic magnetism: The patient. The woman. The Republic]. Dynamis, 26, 125-50. https://www.ugr.es/~dynamis/completo26/PDF/Dyna-5-Montiel.pdf
Montiel, L. (2006b). Síntomas de una época: magnetismo, histeria y espiritismo en la Alemania romántica [Symptoms of an era: Magnetism, hysteria, and spiritualism in romantic germany]. Asclepio, 58(2), 11-38. https://asclepio.revistas.csic.es/index.php/asclepio/article/download/20/20/0
Montiel, L. (2006c). Daemoniaca. Curación mágica, posesión y profecía en el marco del magnetismo animal romántico [Daemoniaca. Magical healing, possession, and prophecy in the framework of romantic animal magnetism]. mra.
Montiel, L. (2009). Une révolution manquée: le magnétisme animal dans la médecine du romantisme allemand [A failed revolution: animal magnetism in german romanticism medicine]. Revue d’Histoire du XIXe Siècle, 38, 61-77. https://doi.org/10.4000/rh19.3870
Moreno, L. F. (2005). Schopenhauer. Vida del filósofo pesimista [Schopenhauer. Life of the Pessimistic Philosopher]. Algaba.
Moreno, L. F. (2018). Estudio introductorio [Introductory Study]. In A. Schopenhauer, El mundo como voluntad y representación (Vol. I, pp. XI-CXLVII) [The World as Will and Representation, Vol. I]. Gredos.
Oakes, P. C., Fisahn, C., Iwanaga, J., DiLorenzo, D., Oskouian, R. J., & Tubbs, R. S. (2016). A history of the autonomic nervous system: Part II: From Reil to the modern era. Child’s Nervous System, 32(12), 2309-2315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-016-3247-3
Ogden, E. (2018). Credulity: A Cultural History of US Mesmerism. University of Chicago Press.
Peter, J. P. (2009). De Mesmer à Puységur. Magnétisme animal et transe somnambulique, à l’origine des thérapies psychiques [From Mesmer to Puységur. Animal magnetism and somnambulistic trance, at the origin of psychic therapies]. Revue d’Histoire du XIX Siècle, 38(1), 19-40. https://doi.org/10.4000/rh19.3865
Sarrazin de Montferrier, A. A. V. (1818). Eléments du magnétisme animal, ou Exposition succinte des procédés, des phénomènes et de l’emploi du magnétisme [Elements of animal magnetism, or Succinct Exposition of the processes, phenomena and use of magnetism]. J. G. Dentu. https://archive.org/details/b30378199
Schochow, M., & Steger, F. (2014). Johann Christian Reil (1759-1813): Pioneer of psychiatry, city physician, and advocate of public medical care. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(4), 403. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13081151
Schopenhauer, A. (1813). Über die vierfache Wurzel des Satzes vom zureichenden Grunde [On the Fourfold Root of the Law of Sufficient Reason]. Hof-Buch-und Kunsthandlung. https://archive.org/details/ueberdievierfac00schogoog
Schopenhauer, A. (1819). Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung [The World as Will and Representation]. Brokhaus. https://archive.org/details/ArthurSchopenhauerWeltAlsWilleUndVorstellung
Schopenhauer, A. (1988). Early Manuscripts (1804-1818). Berg.
Schopenhauer, A. (1998). Sobre la voluntad en la naturaleza [On the Will in Nature]. Alianza.
Schopenhauer, A. (2019). El mundo como voluntad y representación [The World as Will and Representation]. Gredos.
Schopenhauer, A. (2022). Correspondencia escogida (1799-1860) [Selected Correspondence (1799-1860)]. Acantilado.
Schopenhauer, A. (2021). Parerga y Paralipomena [Parerga and Paralipomena]. Valdemar.
Segala, M. (2012). The role of physiology in Schopenhauer’s metaphysics of nature. Schopenhauer Jahrbuch, 93, 327-34. https://download.uni-mainz.de/fb05-philosophie-schopenhauer/files/2020/03/2012_Segala.pdf
Segala, M. (2021). Between science and magic: The case of Schopenhauer. Voluntas, 11(3), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.5902/2179378663686
Segala, M. (2024). A Convex Mirror. Schopenhauer’s Philosophy and the Sciences. Oxford University Press.
Stagnaro, J. C. (2015). Los aportes de Johann Christian Reil al nacimiento de la psiquiatría [Johann Christian Reil’s contributions to the birth of psychiatry]. Asclepio, 67(2), 108. https://doi.org/10.3989/asclepio.2015.26
Wicks, R. (2012). Schopenhauer’s On the Will in Nature. The Reciprocal Containment of Idealism and Realism. In B. Vandenabeele (Ed.), A Companion to Schopenhauer (pp. 147-162). Wiley-Blackwell.
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2025 Joaquín García-Alandete

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.