SOCIAL REPRESENTATION OF GENDER ROLES AND ITS ACCEPTANCE OF MYTHS AND BELIEFS ABOUT SEXUAL VIOLENCE
Keywords:
Sexual violence, Myths acceptance, Gender roles, Social representationsAbstract
The present study explores the relation between representation of gender roles and the acceptance of myths and beliefs on sexual violence in inhabitants of both genders of the city of Lima. For this purpose a qualitative investigation was carried out in which, by means of individual interviews, the social representations related to acts of sexual violence were explored. The results shows the persistence of social representations related to traditional gender roles which will have an effect in the acceptance of myths and beliefs related to sexual violence. Thus, the transgressor of the traditional gender roles will attribute responsibility on the part of the victim and even in the justification of certain acts of violence.
References
Abrams, D., Viki, G. T., Masser, B. & Bohner, G. (2003). Perceptions of stranger and acquaintance rape: The role of benevolent and hostile sexism in victim blame and rape proclivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 111-125.
Anderson, K., Cooper, H. & Okamura, L. (1997). Individual differences and attitudes toward rape: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 295-315.
Andréu, J. (2003). Las técnicas de análisis de contenido: una revisión actualizada. Recuperado de: http//public.centrodeestudiosandaluces.es/pdfs/ S200103.pdf
Asiyanbola, A. (2005). Patriarchy, male dominance, the role and women empowerment in Nigeria. Póster presentado en la XXV International Population Conference Tours, Francia.
Bandura, A. (2002). Selective Moral Disengagement in the Exercise of Moral Agency. Journal of Moral Education, 31(2), 101-119.
Burt, M. (1980). Cultural Myths and Supports for Rape. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 38, 217-230.
Cabral, B. & García, C. (2000) Masculino/femenino ¿Y yo? Identidad Identidades de Género. Mérida, 10, 1-16.
Campbell, R. & Raja, S. (1999). The secondary victimization of rape victims: Insights from mental health professionals who treat survivors of violence. Violence and Victims, 14, 261-275.
DEMUS (2013). La violencia sexual es un grave problema que afecta a mujeres y niñas. Recuperado el 20 de junio del 2014 de: http://www.demus.org.pe/publicacion/0a6_un_hombre_no_viola2%20(1).pdf
Eyssel, F. & Bohner, G. (2011). Schema effects of rape myth acceptance on judgments of guilt and blame in rape cases: The role of perceived entitlement to judge. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26, 579-1605.
Fernández, A. (2007). Experiencias de dolor: Reconocimiento y reparación. Violencia sexual contra las mujeres. Lima: DEMUS.
Fox, K. & Cook, C. (2011). Is knowledge power? The effects of a victimology course on victim blaming. Journal of interpersonal violence, 26, 3408-3427. doi: 10.1177/0886260511403752
Gerger, H., Kley, H., Bohner G. & Siebler, F. (2013). Acceptance of Modern Myths About Sexual Aggression (AMMSA) scale. Measurement Instrument Database for the Social Science. Recuperado el 23 de septiembre del 2014 de: www.midss.ie
Giacopassi, D. & Dull, R. (1986). Gender and racial differences in the acceptance of rape myths within a college population. Sex Roles, 15, 63-75.
Gilmartin-Zena, P. (1988). Gender differences in students attitudes toward rape. Sociological Focus, 21, 279-292.
Glick, P. & Fiske, S. (1997). Hostile and benevolent sexism: measuring ambivalent sexist attitudes toward women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 119-135.
Goldberg, S. (1993). Why Men Rule: A Theory of Male Dominance. Chicago: Open Court.
Hirigoyen, M. (2006). Mujeres maltratadas: Los mecanismos de la violencia en la pareja. Buenos Aires: Paidós.
Instituto de opinión pública de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. (2013). Encuesta nacional sobre violencia contra la mujer y feminicidio. Recuperado el 20 de junio del 2014 de: http://iop.pucp.edu.pe
Jodelet, D. (1988). La representación social: fenómenos, concepto y teoría. En Psicología social (pp. 481-494). Barcelona: Paidós.
Kahneman, D., Slovic, P. & Tversky, A. (1982). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Cambridge: CUP.
Kamarae, C. (1992). The condition of patriarchy. In C. Kramarae & S. Dale (Eds.), The Knowledge Explosion: Generation of Feminist Scholarship. Londres: Teachers College Press.
Klein, C., Kennedy, A., & Gorzalka, B. (2008). Rape Myth Acceptance in Men Who Completed the Prostitution Offender Program of British Columbia. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 53(3), 305 -315.
Lerner, M.J. & Simmons, C.H. (1966). Observer’s reaction to the “innocent victim”: compassion or rejection? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 203-210.
Malamuth, N. (1983). Factors associated with rape as predictors of laboratory aggression against women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(2), 432-442.
Moscovici, S. (1961). El psicoanálisis, su imagen y su público. Buenos Aires: Huemul.
Moscovici, S. (1984). The Phenomenon of Social Representations. In R. Farr & S. Moscovici (Eds). Social Representations (pp. 3-69). Cambridge: CUP.
Pita Coral, G. & Quintero, M. (2003). Representaciones sociales y violencia de pareja. Estudio cualitativo con población de parejas adultas que presentan violencia y parejas de novios adolescentes (Tesis de pregrado). Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.
Ramos, M. (2006). Masculinidades y violencia conyugal: Experiencia de vida de hombres de sectores populares de Lima y Cusco. Lima: FASPA/UPCH.
Rosch, E. (1978). Principles of Categorization. Berkeley: University of California.
Saldívar, G., Ramos, L. & Sartijeral, M. (2004). Validación de las escalas de aceptación de la violencia y de los mitos de violación en estudiantes universitarios. Salud Mental, 27, 40-47.
Shaver, K. (1970). Defensive attribution: Effects of severity and relevance on the responsibility assigned for an accident. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 14, 101-113.
Stacey, J. (1993). Untangling feminist theory. In D. Richardson & V. Robinson (Eds.), Introducing Women’s Studies: Feminist Theory and Practice. London: Macmillan.
Suárez, E. & Gadalla, T. (2010). Stop Blaming the Victim: A Meta-Analysis on Rape Myths. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(11), 2010-2035.
Trujano, R. (1991). Algunas consideraciones sobre la mujer víctima del delito de violación, Sociológica, 17, 195-206.
Trujano, P. & Raich, R. (1996). Estudio transcultural entre universitarios de España y México: mitos, violación y atribución a la víctima. Psychosocial Intervention, 5(13), 95-108.
Trujano, P. & Raich, M. (2000). Variables socioculturales en la atribución de culpa a las víctimas de violación. Psicothema, 12(2), 223-228.
Vala, J., Monteiro, M. & Leyens, J. (1988). Perception of violence as a function of observer´s ideology and actor’s group membership. British Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 231-237.
Velázquez, S. (2003). Violencias cotidianas, violencia de género. Escuchar, comprender, ayudar. Buenos Aires: Paidós.
Vieytes, R. (2004). Metodología de la investigación en organizaciones, mercado y sociedad. Buenos Aires: Editorial de las Ciencias.
Viki, G. & Abrams, D. (2002). But she was unfaithful: Benevolent sexism and reactions to rape victims who violate traditional gender role expectations. Sex Roles, 47, 289-293.
Viki, G., Abrams, D. & Masser, B. (2004). Evaluating stranger and acquaintance rape: The role of benevolent sexism in perpetrator blame and recommended sentence length. Law and Human Behavior, 28, 295-303.
Anderson, K., Cooper, H. & Okamura, L. (1997). Individual differences and attitudes toward rape: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 295-315.
Andréu, J. (2003). Las técnicas de análisis de contenido: una revisión actualizada. Recuperado de: http//public.centrodeestudiosandaluces.es/pdfs/ S200103.pdf
Asiyanbola, A. (2005). Patriarchy, male dominance, the role and women empowerment in Nigeria. Póster presentado en la XXV International Population Conference Tours, Francia.
Bandura, A. (2002). Selective Moral Disengagement in the Exercise of Moral Agency. Journal of Moral Education, 31(2), 101-119.
Burt, M. (1980). Cultural Myths and Supports for Rape. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 38, 217-230.
Cabral, B. & García, C. (2000) Masculino/femenino ¿Y yo? Identidad Identidades de Género. Mérida, 10, 1-16.
Campbell, R. & Raja, S. (1999). The secondary victimization of rape victims: Insights from mental health professionals who treat survivors of violence. Violence and Victims, 14, 261-275.
DEMUS (2013). La violencia sexual es un grave problema que afecta a mujeres y niñas. Recuperado el 20 de junio del 2014 de: http://www.demus.org.pe/publicacion/0a6_un_hombre_no_viola2%20(1).pdf
Eyssel, F. & Bohner, G. (2011). Schema effects of rape myth acceptance on judgments of guilt and blame in rape cases: The role of perceived entitlement to judge. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26, 579-1605.
Fernández, A. (2007). Experiencias de dolor: Reconocimiento y reparación. Violencia sexual contra las mujeres. Lima: DEMUS.
Fox, K. & Cook, C. (2011). Is knowledge power? The effects of a victimology course on victim blaming. Journal of interpersonal violence, 26, 3408-3427. doi: 10.1177/0886260511403752
Gerger, H., Kley, H., Bohner G. & Siebler, F. (2013). Acceptance of Modern Myths About Sexual Aggression (AMMSA) scale. Measurement Instrument Database for the Social Science. Recuperado el 23 de septiembre del 2014 de: www.midss.ie
Giacopassi, D. & Dull, R. (1986). Gender and racial differences in the acceptance of rape myths within a college population. Sex Roles, 15, 63-75.
Gilmartin-Zena, P. (1988). Gender differences in students attitudes toward rape. Sociological Focus, 21, 279-292.
Glick, P. & Fiske, S. (1997). Hostile and benevolent sexism: measuring ambivalent sexist attitudes toward women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 119-135.
Goldberg, S. (1993). Why Men Rule: A Theory of Male Dominance. Chicago: Open Court.
Hirigoyen, M. (2006). Mujeres maltratadas: Los mecanismos de la violencia en la pareja. Buenos Aires: Paidós.
Instituto de opinión pública de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. (2013). Encuesta nacional sobre violencia contra la mujer y feminicidio. Recuperado el 20 de junio del 2014 de: http://iop.pucp.edu.pe
Jodelet, D. (1988). La representación social: fenómenos, concepto y teoría. En Psicología social (pp. 481-494). Barcelona: Paidós.
Kahneman, D., Slovic, P. & Tversky, A. (1982). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Cambridge: CUP.
Kamarae, C. (1992). The condition of patriarchy. In C. Kramarae & S. Dale (Eds.), The Knowledge Explosion: Generation of Feminist Scholarship. Londres: Teachers College Press.
Klein, C., Kennedy, A., & Gorzalka, B. (2008). Rape Myth Acceptance in Men Who Completed the Prostitution Offender Program of British Columbia. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 53(3), 305 -315.
Lerner, M.J. & Simmons, C.H. (1966). Observer’s reaction to the “innocent victim”: compassion or rejection? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 203-210.
Malamuth, N. (1983). Factors associated with rape as predictors of laboratory aggression against women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(2), 432-442.
Moscovici, S. (1961). El psicoanálisis, su imagen y su público. Buenos Aires: Huemul.
Moscovici, S. (1984). The Phenomenon of Social Representations. In R. Farr & S. Moscovici (Eds). Social Representations (pp. 3-69). Cambridge: CUP.
Pita Coral, G. & Quintero, M. (2003). Representaciones sociales y violencia de pareja. Estudio cualitativo con población de parejas adultas que presentan violencia y parejas de novios adolescentes (Tesis de pregrado). Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.
Ramos, M. (2006). Masculinidades y violencia conyugal: Experiencia de vida de hombres de sectores populares de Lima y Cusco. Lima: FASPA/UPCH.
Rosch, E. (1978). Principles of Categorization. Berkeley: University of California.
Saldívar, G., Ramos, L. & Sartijeral, M. (2004). Validación de las escalas de aceptación de la violencia y de los mitos de violación en estudiantes universitarios. Salud Mental, 27, 40-47.
Shaver, K. (1970). Defensive attribution: Effects of severity and relevance on the responsibility assigned for an accident. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 14, 101-113.
Stacey, J. (1993). Untangling feminist theory. In D. Richardson & V. Robinson (Eds.), Introducing Women’s Studies: Feminist Theory and Practice. London: Macmillan.
Suárez, E. & Gadalla, T. (2010). Stop Blaming the Victim: A Meta-Analysis on Rape Myths. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(11), 2010-2035.
Trujano, R. (1991). Algunas consideraciones sobre la mujer víctima del delito de violación, Sociológica, 17, 195-206.
Trujano, P. & Raich, R. (1996). Estudio transcultural entre universitarios de España y México: mitos, violación y atribución a la víctima. Psychosocial Intervention, 5(13), 95-108.
Trujano, P. & Raich, M. (2000). Variables socioculturales en la atribución de culpa a las víctimas de violación. Psicothema, 12(2), 223-228.
Vala, J., Monteiro, M. & Leyens, J. (1988). Perception of violence as a function of observer´s ideology and actor’s group membership. British Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 231-237.
Velázquez, S. (2003). Violencias cotidianas, violencia de género. Escuchar, comprender, ayudar. Buenos Aires: Paidós.
Vieytes, R. (2004). Metodología de la investigación en organizaciones, mercado y sociedad. Buenos Aires: Editorial de las Ciencias.
Viki, G. & Abrams, D. (2002). But she was unfaithful: Benevolent sexism and reactions to rape victims who violate traditional gender role expectations. Sex Roles, 47, 289-293.
Viki, G., Abrams, D. & Masser, B. (2004). Evaluating stranger and acquaintance rape: The role of benevolent sexism in perpetrator blame and recommended sentence length. Law and Human Behavior, 28, 295-303.
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Published
2015-03-19
How to Cite
Janos, E., & Espinosa, A. (2015). SOCIAL REPRESENTATION OF GENDER ROLES AND ITS ACCEPTANCE OF MYTHS AND BELIEFS ABOUT SEXUAL VIOLENCE. LÍMITE Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy & Psychology, 10(33). Retrieved from https://revistalimite.uta.cl/index.php/limite/article/view/38
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